M. Nur Kamila Amrullah, Nur Wening

A Systematic Literature Review of Land Bank Management Strategies, Agrarian Reform, and Land Governance (2020–2025)

Introduction

A systematic literature review of land bank management strategies, agrarian reform, and land governance (2020–2025). Systematic review (2020-2025) analyzes Land Bank management strategies, agrarian reform, and land governance in Indonesia. Addresses implementation challenges and proposes an integrated governance model.

Abstract

Issues of unequal land ownership, protracted agrarian conflicts, and weak legal certainty constitute structural problems that continue to overshadow Indonesia’s national development. In response, the government established the Land Bank through the Job Creation Law and Government Regulation No. 64 of 2021, granting it a strategic mandate to acquire, manage, and distribute land for public interest purposes and agrarian reform. However, its implementation has faced criticism due to its excessive centralization, limited space for public participation, and a tendency to favor investment interests. This study aims to analyze Land Bank management strategies from a land governance perspective using a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) approach. Following the PRISMA framework, data were gathered from six international databases, yielding 22 selected articles published between 2020 and 2025 in esteemed international journals and recognized national journals. The review identifies five main themes: institutional and regulatory frameworks, digitalization of land information systems, land distribution and agrarian reform, international lessons, and implementation challenges in Indonesia. Collectively, these themes represent the foundations, instruments, objectives, references, and practical realities of land policy. The study concludes that the effectiveness of strengthening the Land Bank hinges on its integration with fair, transparent, and participatory land governance principles. Its main contribution is the proposal of an integrated governance model for the land bank as both a conceptual and practical framework for land policy formulation.

Review

This systematic literature review offers a timely and highly relevant examination of Indonesia's Land Bank, a crucial institution established to address persistent issues of unequal land ownership and agrarian conflict. The study effectively frames the urgent need for robust strategies given the Land Bank's strategic mandate and the significant criticisms it has already faced concerning centralization and limited public participation. Utilizing a rigorous Systematic Literature Review (SLR) approach, guided by the PRISMA framework and drawing from six international databases, the authors have meticulously gathered and synthesized literature published between 2020 and 2025, ensuring the review captures contemporary discourse on this evolving policy landscape. The review's strength lies in its comprehensive thematic analysis, identifying five key areas: institutional and regulatory frameworks, digitalization, land distribution and agrarian reform, international lessons, and specific implementation challenges within Indonesia. These themes collectively provide a holistic understanding of the foundations, instruments, objectives, external references, and practical realities shaping the Land Bank's operation. Crucially, the study concludes that the Land Bank's long-term effectiveness is inextricably linked to its integration with principles of fair, transparent, and participatory land governance, a vital insight for policymakers grappling with complex land issues. The most significant contribution of this work is the proposition of an integrated governance model for the land bank. This model is presented not only as a conceptual framework but also as a practical guide for future land policy formulation. While the abstract strongly posits this model as the solution, future discussions might delve deeper into how this integrated model specifically mitigates the identified criticisms, particularly the tendency to favor investment interests over public participation and agrarian reform, which are often competing objectives. Nonetheless, this SLR provides a robust analytical foundation and a commendable pathway forward for strengthening land governance in Indonesia, making it an invaluable reference for academics and practitioners alike.

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