Zahra Febriana Maharani, Nanda Dwi Akbar, Margareta Retno Priamsari

Optimization of Ethanol Extract Gel Nanoparticle Formulation of Secang Wood (Caesalpinia Sappan L.) as Antibacterial Against Propionibacterium Acnes

Introduction

Optimization of ethanol extract gel nanoparticle formulation of secang wood (caesalpinia sappan l.) as antibacterial against propionibacterium acnes. Discover the optimized sappanwood (Caesalpinia Sappan L.) extract nanoparticle gel formulation as an effective antibacterial against Propionibacterium acnes.

Abstract

Nanoparticle gel is a colloid consisting of nanometer-sized particles made from cosmetic active ingredients or other materials that are evenly distributed in a gel matrix. The purpose of this study was to determine the antibacterial activity of nanoparticle gel preparations of sappanwood extract against Propionibacterium acnes. The sappanwood extract was extracted by remaceration 70% ethanol then the extract was tested for antibacterial activity at concentrations of 20, 40, 60, and 80% using Nutrient Agar media against P. acnes. The results showed that the minimum inhibitory concentration of sappanwood extract appeared at a concentration of 20%. Spreadability and adhesiveness were 5.90 ± 0.06 and 14.96 ± 0.01, respectively. The results of the statistical analysis test with one sample t-test showed a p value> 0.05 so that the response of spreadability and adhesiveness between predictions was not significantly different from the actual. The optimal formula of sappanwood extract gel nanoparticles has moderate antibacterial activity against P. acnes.

Review

This study investigates the development of an ethanol extract gel nanoparticle formulation from Secang wood (*Caesalpinia sappan L.*) for its potential antibacterial activity against *Propionibacterium acnes*. The research addresses a relevant dermatological concern, acne, by exploring natural product-based solutions with enhanced delivery systems, such as nanoparticle gels. The focus on *C. sappan*, a plant known for its diverse medicinal properties, positions the study within the growing interest in ethnomedicine and phytopharmaceuticals. The objective to formulate and evaluate the antibacterial efficacy of such a preparation is timely and holds promise for developing new therapeutic options. The methodology for extracting sappanwood using 70% ethanol remaceration is clearly stated, and the subsequent determination of a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) at 20% against *P. acnes* provides a foundational insight into the extract's potency. The work also successfully translates the extract into a gel nanoparticle formulation, evaluating critical dermatological parameters such as spreadability and adhesiveness. The reported values (5.90 ± 0.06 and 14.96 ± 0.01, respectively) and the statistical validation (p > 0.05 from one-sample t-test) indicating consistency between predicted and actual responses for these properties are valuable for future product development. Ultimately, the study concludes that the optimal formulation exhibits moderate antibacterial activity, suggesting its potential as a complementary treatment. While promising, the abstract presents several areas that would benefit from greater detail for a comprehensive understanding. The title explicitly mentions "Optimization," yet the abstract lacks specific information regarding the optimization process itself—what parameters were optimized (e.g., nanoparticle size, extract concentration within the nanoparticle, gel composition), and the methods employed for this optimization. Crucially, as a "nanoparticle" formulation, the abstract provides no characterization data for the nanoparticles (e.g., particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency, or stability), which are fundamental to validating the nanoscale aspect and understanding the system's performance. Furthermore, while "moderate antibacterial activity" is stated, a quantitative comparison against a standard antibiotic or a clearer definition of "moderate" would strengthen this claim. Providing more explicit details on these aspects would significantly enhance the rigor and impact of the study.

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