Validasi Instrumen Complementary And Alternative Medicine Dengan Pendekatan Health Belief Models
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Hera Antari, I Putu Riska Ardinata, Ni Putu Aryati Suryaningsih, Gde Palguna Reganata

Validasi Instrumen Complementary And Alternative Medicine Dengan Pendekatan Health Belief Models

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Introduction

Validasi instrumen complementary and alternative medicine dengan pendekatan health belief models. Validasi instrumen keyakinan mahasiswa farmasi terhadap Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) berbasis Health Belief Models (HBM). Instrumen terbukti valid dan reliabel.

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Abstract

Penggunaan Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) semakin meningkat di kalangan masyarakat. Sebagai calon tenaga kesehatan, khususnya mahasiswa farmasi dituntut memiliki pemahaman dan keyakinan yang tepat terhadap CAM agar mampu memberikan edukasi yang akurat kepada masyarakat. Namun, hingga saat ini belum tersedia instrumen yang secara khusus dirancang untuk mengukur keyakinan mahasiswa farmasi terhadap CAM berdasarkan pendekatan teori Health Belief Models (HBM). Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk merancang dan mengevaluasi instrumen kuesioner yang mengacu pada Health Belief Model (HBM), dengan fokus pada uji validitas dan reliabilitasnya dalam menilai keyakinan mahasiswa farmasi terhadap pengobatan komplementer dan alternatif (CAM). Penelitian ini menggunakan metode Research and Development (R&D) dengan pendekatan non-eksperimental. Sampel dalam penelitian ini terdiri dari 82 mahasiswa program studi farmasi yang berasal dari dua perguruan tinggi swasta di Kota Denpasar, yang sebelumnya telah memperoleh materi terkait Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM). Instrumen penelitian dikembangkan berdasarkan enam konstruk dari Health Belief Model (HBM), yaitu perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, cues to action, dan self-efficacy. Instrumen ini menghasilkan 14 butir pernyataan yang dinilai menggunakan skala Likert. Tahapan pengujian instrumen dilakukan untuk memastikan validitas dan reliabilitasnya, yang meliputi: uji validitas isi menggunakan pendekatan Content Validity Ratio (CVR) dan Content Validity Index (CVI), uji validitas konstruk dengan analisis korelasi Point Biserial, serta uji reliabilitas menggunakan nilai Cronbach’s Alpha. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan responden didominasi oleh mahasiswa perempuan (72%) dan laki-laki (28%) dengan mayoritas berusia 21 tahun (37%), usia 18 dan 19 tahun (2%), usia 20 tahun (23%), usia 22 tahun (28%), dan usia 23 tahun (7%). Pada penelitian ini hasil yang didapat yaitu seluruh item kuesioner dinyatakan valid berdasarkan hasil uji validitas isi dengan metode CVR dan CVI yang menghasilkan nilai 1, uji Face validity mendapatkan nilai dalam kategori “kurang” tidak ada yang melebihi 25% menunjukkan bahwa seluruh item dipahami dengan baik oleh responden. Hasil uji validitas konstruk memperlihatkan semua item memiliki korelasi signifikan di atas 0,320 dengan signifikansi di bawah 0,05, dan nilai tertinggi 0,840. Uji reliabilitas menunjukkan Cronbach’s Alpha 0,815, menandakan konsistensi internal yang baik.


Review

This study addresses a critical need for a reliable and valid instrument to assess pharmacy students' beliefs in Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) through the lens of the Health Belief Model (HBM). Given the increasing prevalence of CAM use in society, it is imperative that future healthcare professionals, particularly pharmacists, possess a nuanced understanding and appropriate beliefs to provide accurate and effective patient education. The abstract clearly articulates the research gap, highlighting the absence of a dedicated tool for this purpose, and positions the study's objective as the design and rigorous evaluation of such an instrument. This foundational work is significant as it underpins efforts to improve CAM education within pharmacy curricula and, ultimately, enhance public health literacy. The methodology employed in this Research and Development (R&D) study is robust, beginning with the development of a 14-item Likert-scale questionnaire based on the six core constructs of the HBM: perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, cues to action, and self-efficacy. The sample of 82 pharmacy students from two private universities, who had prior exposure to CAM material, is appropriate for the validation process. The multi-faceted approach to instrument testing, encompassing Content Validity Ratio (CVR) and Content Validity Index (CVI) for content validity, Point Biserial correlation for construct validity, and Cronbach’s Alpha for reliability, demonstrates a comprehensive effort to ensure the quality and utility of the developed instrument. The findings presented are highly encouraging, indicating that the developed instrument is both valid and reliable. All questionnaire items achieved excellent content validity, with CVR and CVI values of 1, and face validity results confirming that items were well-understood by respondents. Crucially, the construct validity analysis showed significant correlations for all items (above 0.320 with p<0.05), reinforcing that the items effectively measure the intended HBM constructs. Furthermore, a strong Cronbach’s Alpha of 0.815 attests to the instrument's good internal consistency and reliability. This validated instrument provides a much-needed tool for educators and researchers to accurately gauge pharmacy students' beliefs towards CAM, thereby facilitating targeted interventions and curriculum enhancements to better prepare them for their roles in patient education.


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